Introduction

A systematic review is a structured and rigorous approach to synthesizing existing research on a specific topic.

By following a well-defined methodology, researchers aim to provide a comprehensive and unbiased summary of the available evidence.

Systematic reviews play a crucial role in evidence-based medicine, policy-making, and academic research.

In this guide, we will walk you through the step-by-step process of conducting a systematic review, comparing it with traditional literature reviews, and providing tools and resources to help you streamline your work.

Whether you are new to systematic reviews or looking to refine your approach, this guide will serve as a valuable resource.

What Is a Systematic Review?

A systematic review is a type of literature review that systematically collects, evaluates, and synthesizes relevant studies to answer a specific research question. Unlike traditional literature reviews, systematic reviews use a transparent, standardized, and replicable methodology to reduce bias and increase reliability.

Types of Systematic Reviews

- Quantitative Systematic Review: Focuses on numerical data, often using meta-analysis.

- Qualitative Systematic Review: Synthesizes non-numerical data, such as interviews and observational studies.

Systematic Review vs. Literature Review

7 Steps to Conducting a Systematic Review

Step 1: Define the Research Question 🔬

A well-defined research question is critical to a successful systematic review. The PICO framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) can help structure the question.

Example Using PICO:

- Population: Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

- Intervention: Exercise programs

- Comparison: No exercise or usual care

- Outcome: Improvement in glycemic control

- Research Question: What is the effectiveness of exercise programs compared to no exercise or usual care in improving glycemic control in patients with Type 2 Diabetes?

Step 2: Develop the Review Protocol 🎯

A review protocol ensures transparency and reproducibility. Key elements include:

- Search strategy

- Inclusion/exclusion criteria

- Data extraction method

- Analysis methodology

Tools to use:

- PRISMA Checklist [Download here]

- PICO Worksheets for structuring research questions

Step 3: Conduct a Comprehensive Literature Search 🔎

To find all relevant studies, a multi-database search should be performed.

Commonly Used Databases:

- PubMed

- Embase

- Cochrane Library

- Web of Science

Search Strategy Approaches:

1. Line-by-Line (each search term separately)

2. Block-by-Block (each concept separately)

3. Single Line Approach (all terms combined with Boolean operators)

Step 4: Screen Studies for Eligibility 📑

Screening ensures only relevant studies are included.

Key Steps:

1. Title & Abstract Screening – Exclude irrelevant studies.

2. Full-Text Screening – Apply inclusion/exclusion criteria.

3. Use a PRISMA Flow Diagram – Document the process [PRISMA Tool].

Step 5: Assess Study Quality & Risk of Bias⚖️

Critical appraisal helps determine the reliability of studies.

Commonly Used Tools:

- CASP Checklist [Check here]

- Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist

- Robvis Tool for Risk of Bias Visualization

Step 6: Extract & Synthesize Data 📊

Once high-quality studies are selected, data extraction follows.

Quantitative Data Synthesis (Meta-Analysis)

- Uses statistical techniques to combine data.

- Forest Plots are commonly used.

Qualitative Data Synthesis

- Thematic Analysis (identifying patterns and themes).

- Narrative Synthesis (descriptive summary of findings).

Step 7: Present Findings & Write the Report 📝

Your systematic review report should include:

1. Title & Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Methods (including search strategy & PRISMA diagram)

4. Results

5. Discussion

6. Conclusion

7. References

8. Appendices (including data extraction forms)

Recommended Format:

Follow PRISMA guidelines to ensure your systematic review is structured correctly.

Final Thoughts

Conducting a systematic review is a meticulous and structured process, but when done correctly, it provides valuable insights that can shape clinical practice and future research.

By following this step-by-step guide, you ensure that your review is transparent, reproducible, and impactful.

🔗 Useful Resources:

- PRISMA Guidelines [Visit here]

- JBI Critical Appraisal Tools [Check here]

- Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews [Visit Cochrane]

The Ultimate Guide to Conducting a Systematic Review: Step-by-Step Process & Best Practices

Introduction